I. C. T. :: Computer Science

I. C. T. DATA LOGGING AND CONTROL IDENTIFY My comrade (General Moeen Ahmed Abbasi) who was about to start his business of manufacturing new fighting jets had asked me to make him a system by which he could be able to see how his business was running. The reason for why he had asked me this is that I had my own business of developing new software and hardware. I went to meet him and he told me that he needed such an application by which he could be able to see his: Ø company details Ø employees details Ø customer details Ø shipping / importing / exporting details Ø sales Expenses And so forth. He wanted me to make this system of his ready in two weeks. This was of course more then enough, but as you should know that there are many people outside who haven't got a clue of what uses a computer is and how to use a computer is absolutely out of question. Now let's get back to the subject, as I was saying that it shouldn't take me too long. The longest it will take me should be no more than one day to design the database, one day to make it and two days to enter the company information. The manager had told me that to do everything manually would be like a migraine headache, because he also has a hotel that he used to run manually and therefore had the experience of running something manually is like "the horse riding you". So I have planned to split the database system into four parts. 1. company details (sales, employee details) 2. customer details 3. shipping details 4. query ANALYSE The most suitable package that I found for this database system is Microsoft Access ®. You must be thinking if we have a company of developing new software then why don't we use our own software, the answer to this is that we are develop only that kind of material which is yet not on the market. The reason for why I have chosen this package rather than any other package is that firstly this package is easy to use (a plus point for them), secondly it has several more facilities and finally I am more familiar with this package. For hardware/software there won't be any problems because luckily we had provided them with this. So the programs (software) will more likely be the same. However I will be using Windows XP ®, Pentium IV as my processor and I will be using Microsoft ® Office XP ®. For backup I shall most possibly use a CD-RW or a memory card should do.

T.S.Eliot Murder in the Cathedral

T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral tells the story of Thomas Beckett, a man who reigned as Archbishop of Canterbury during the 12th century in England until his death in 1170. In order to tell Beckett's story, Eliot creates a series of equally interesting characters that each play a crucial role thought the play. The most unique rolefound within the play is the Women ofCanterbury, or the Chorus. Throughout the piece, the Chorus delivers seven choral odes. These choral odes, when looked at as a collective work tell a story. They begin with brief foreshadowing of events that will occur later in the play, but then quickly jump into necessary storyline; one which summarizes the events of the pasts, and then immerses the audience into the common man's view of the events in the present. The first choral ode begins with heavy foreshadowing. The Women of Canterbury are drawn towards the Cathedral, but they do not know why. At first, there is confusion. They question, â€Å"Are we drawn by danger? Is it the knowledge of safety that that draws our feet towards the Cathedral? As they reach the cathedral however, they come upon a realization. â€Å"There is not danger for us, and there is no safety in the cathedral. Some presage of an act, which our eyes are compelled to witness, has forced our feet towards the cathedral. † They recognize that it is not their own personal danger that draws them closerto the cathedral, but instead the foreshadowing of a horrifying act in which they will be forced to bear wi tness. It will be an act so terrible, that safety can not even be found within the hallowed halls of the cathedral. After the period of foreshadowing, themood of the first choral ode drasticallyshifts away from the dark and mysterious presage of an act to a description of the concrete past. The remainder of the choral ode serves as away to bring the audience up to speed on the last seven years of Canterbury'shistory. While they convey the events of the past, the women of Canterbury express a constant lurking fear for the safety of their Archbishop. A perfect example of this common theme found within the first choral ode is in the following stanza, in which the Chorus states: â€Å"Seven years and the summer is over, Seven years since the Archbishop left us, He who was always so kind to his people. But it would not be well if should return. † These lines are typical of the first choral ode, for not only do they explain to the audience that the Archbishop Thomas Beckett has been gone for seven years now, but they fear for his well being and for the wellbeing of Canterbury if he were to return. As the choral ode draws to a close, the Women of Canterbury give off a sense of unavoidable waiting. They say: â€Å"Come happy December, who shall observe you, who shall preserve you? Shall the Son of Man be born again in the litter of scorn? For us, the poor, there is no action, But only to wait and to witness† They welcome the month of December,but then question how it could possibly be a joyous time. Who would be able to celebrate the Christmas and Advent season with the terrible events that are about to occur? Could Jesus bereborn into such scorn? The Women ofCanterbury know that there is little they can do at this time. They must wait, and then witness the act that they fear. With the commencement of the secondchoral ode, the general mood shifts from confusion and waiting to fear. The Women of Canterbury have been informed that Beckett is returning to Canterbury. Such an announcement stirs great anxiety amongst them. They fear that their way of life will be disrupted and endangered. They plea to a Thomas who has not yet arrived to: â€Å"Return. Quickly. Quietly. Leave us to perish in quiet. You come with applause, you come with rejoicing, but You come bringing death into Canterbury: A doom on the house, a doom on yourself, a doom on the world. † The women say that though they will be rejoicing on the outside, their deep insides will be dominated by fear, for they believe that his coming will come hand in hand with his own death. The idea of fear is the general theme in thesecond choral ode, as it constantly recurs throughout the lines. Later in the choral ode, the women say, â€Å"We are afraid in a fear which we cannot know, which we cannot face, which none understands. † This illustrates thedepth and complexity of the fear which they are facing, for they know not how to neither combat it nor completely comprehend it. All the people know is that with Thomas comes death upon their home of Canterbury, so the beg him to â€Å"leave us, leave us, leave us sullen Dover, andset sail for France. † The fear of the second choral ode becomes a reality in the third. The Women of Canterbury know what decision Beckett has made. They tell him, â€Å"We have not been happy, my Lord, we have not been too happy. We are not ignorant women, we know what we must expect and not expect. † By saying this, the Women of Canterbury mean that they understandthe consequences that Thomas has chosen by staying in Canterbury. They know that he will perish if he stays. Then the women begin to despair. They cry, â€Å"God gave us always some reason, some hope; but now a new terror has soiled us, which none can avert,† and, â€Å"God is leaving us, God is leaving us, more pang, more pain than birth or death. The Women of Canterbury, who always took faith in the idea the God was protecting their Archbishop, believe that Thomas has turned away from the Lord's protection by deciding to remain at Canterbury, for not even God could protect him from the wrath of what was yet to come. The fourth choral ode that opens up the second act heads in a completely dif ferent direction than the intense despair of the third choral ode. Instead, this choral ode is more accepting, for the chorus knows that the death of Beckett is coming. Nature is used throughout this choral ode to foreshadow his death. At one point theWomen of Canterbury say, â€Å"The starved crow sits in the field, attentive;and in the wood the owl rehearses the hallow note of death. † The starved crow that they speak of symbolizes the Four Knights, who arrive in Canterburyshortly after the choral ode is delivered. The owl symbolizes the result of their visit to Canterbury: a death, a death that they fear will be brought upon Thomas. Though they have accepted the situation, the Women of Canterbury feel helpless, for all they can do between that moment and Thomas's death is wait. Asthere is nothing they can do, they say,†We wait, and the time is short, but the waiting is long. † As the fifth choral ode begins, the helplessness from the fourth choral ode carries over, but this time it is coupled with an air of guilt. The Women of Canterbury are stuck in an in between zone. They grieve: â€Å"Now is too late for action, too soon for contrition. Nothing is possible but the shamed swoon Of those consenting to the last humiliation. I have consented, Lord Archbishop, have consented. † The women realize that the wheel is turning and the eternal action leading to Beckett's doom is in motion. They are in despair, for it is too late for them to try and aid their Archbishop, but too soon for them to seek forgiveness for allowing Beckett to be killed. The murder of their Archbishop is a matter that they are taking personal responsibility for, and they view it as a humiliation to them all. Their final cry of â€Å"I have consented, Lord Archbishop† truly isolates and illustrates the immense guilt that they have brought upon themselves. The Women of Canterbury believe that by standing aside and allowing the Knights to threaten Thomas, they have consented to his murder. All they have left is helplessness, guilt, and like always, waiting. The sixth choral ode is met with a shiftfrom helplessness to intense distress. Archbishop Thomas Beckett has just been murdered, and the Women of Canterbury feel as if they, along with all of Canterbury, have been stained with their Archbishop's blood. The chorus screams: â€Å"Clear the air! Clean the sky! Wash thewind! Take the Stone from the stone, take the skin from the arm, Take the muscle from the bone, and wash them. Wash the stone, wash the bone, wash the brain, Wash the soul, wash them wash them! † As shown, the Women of Canterbury become obsessed with trying to wash themselves clean of Beckett's blood. Such words confirm that the Women of Canterbury see not only the Four Knights as Thomas Beckett's killer, but themselves as well. They feel severe regret, proclaiming: â€Å"We did not wish anything to happen We understood the private catastrophe, The personal loss, the general misery, Living and partly living† These lines show that, though they believe that they were a part of the murder, they were unintentionally involved. They did not mean for any illwill to come upon their Archbishop, but through their lack of action, their living and partly living, they allowed Beckett to face a tragedy, a tragedy that they were completely aware of, alone. The Women of Canterbury abandoned their Lord, and they do notknow how to deal with their despair The final choral ode begins not with despair, but instead with grateful praise to an all powerful God. The entire choral ode reads like one long prayer of praise, thanks, and then contrition to a merciful God. At points,the Women of Canterbury even go as far as to compare their deceased Archbishop to Jesus Christ. In it's beginning, they say, â€Å"We praise Thee, O God, for Thy glory displayed in all the creatures† The Women of Canterbury then go on to on to show their gratitude to God by respectfully praying, â€Å"We thank Thee for Thy mercies of blood, for Thy redemption by blood. For the blood of Thy martyrs and saints. † By these words, the Women of Canterbury are thanking God for redeeming their souls with theblood of Thomas, their Archbishop. Through these lines, Eliot is comparingthe murder of Thomas Beckett to the death of Jesus Christ on the cross, saying that both died to save the souls of those around them. Finally, the Woman of Canterbury seek contrition, pleading, â€Å"Forgive us, O Lord, we acknowledge ourselves as type of the common man, of the men and women who shut the door and sit by the fire. â€Å"On one level, they ask forgiveness for standing by and doing nothing to prevent Beckett's death, for they are just common men. If read more deeply however, they return to the Christ like image of Beckett. The common men askfor forgiveness, for like Peter, they†sat by the fire† and denied their Lord. Just as Peter allowed Christ to die, so the Women of Canterbury allowed Thomas Beckett to die. The seven choral odes in T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral tell the story of the common man's view of the events that occurred during that fateful December of 1170 in Canterbury. Through foreshadowing and interesting use of language, T. S. Eliot crafts the Chorus to be one of, if not the most fascinating character found within the whole play. Their unique perspective on Thomas Beckett's murder truly makes Murder in the Cathedral one of the greatest plays of the 20th Century.

George Washington The American Of American National...

George Washington stands at the origins of American national history. Many Americans call him â€Å"the father of our country†. Washington commanded the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. He led the American colonists to freedom from British rule. He headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a general, political leader, businessman, and emancipator, Washington can also be defined as a family man. After marriage with Martha Dandridge Custis, he raised her two children as his very own. George Washington loved the country and its people. The country, also, loved him and respected. James Russell Lowell, an American romantic poet, wrote about Washington next: â€Å"Soldier and statesman, rarest unison; High-poised example of great duties done Simply as breathing, a world s honors worn As life s indifferent gifts to all men born† (Harrington 49). George Washington was a man of an extraordinary abilities, he left the trace in the history of the USA as a great man, as genius leader of army and as first president. G. Washington as a Person. George Washington was a son of an ambitious colonial entrepreneur, Augustine Washington and Mary Ball. He was born at Bridges Creek, in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 1732. George’s childhood was dominated by his formidable mother, whoShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia legislatureRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 PagesSelana Mr. David Early History 21 April 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom and exemption. Washington and McCandless are similar because they did something most people would not. They both stepped out of the ordinary society and decided to do what they think is best. For example, Washington led the Continental Army against the great British Empire, and Chris left his normal and traditional life, to seek a life of adventure and determined to go on a journey across the United States. Washington became the first president of the United States. Washington was also the onlyRead MoreEssay about Biography of George Washington1369 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington an American Hero The Revolutionary War proved to be the most important experience in the transition of Washingtons history. The war made George Washington, a man to be revered in history, and helped transform him into a symbol of a new republic and its principles. George Washington is the Founding Father of our nation. The American Revolution was a result of a series of social, political changes, within American society. Washington played an important political and military positionRead MoreThe Farewell Address Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first president of The United States of America was born on the 22nd of February in 1732 in Bridges Creek, a colony in Virginia. He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. George served as a major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War that occurred from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia Legislature where he was titled a commissionerRead MoreGeorge Washington : A Hero Of The Revolutionary War927 Words   |  4 PagesOften referred to as the â€Å"Father of Our Country,† George Washington (1732-1799) is regarded as one of the most prominent figures in the early history of the the United Stat es of America and a hero of the Revolutionary War. Honest, humble, noble, farmer, commander-in-chief - all words still used this day to describe our country’s first President. After eight years of war fighting for freedom from British tyranny and corruption, the American colonists were ready for peace, an organized governmentRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 PagesMr. David Early History 21 April 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influencesRead MoreGeorge Washington : The French And Indian War1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington George Washington was born February 22,1732 in Westmoreland County Virginia. He was the first president of the United States and one of the most respected men of all time. After serving as a commander in the French and Indian war, George Washington was better equipped to serve as a commander in chief during the Revolution because of his respected nature and his newly found military tactics. â€Å"The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war betweenRead MoreGeorge Washington s The War For American Independence1251 Words   |  6 Pages Out of all people in American history, George Washington will always remain to be one of the brightest ones. This is not only because George Washington was the first president of the United States of America, but also because of his character. George Washington was more than just a politician, he was a national leader and an example for many of his followers. Many look to George Washington for the great things he accomplished in his lifetime. Winning the War for American Independence, being theRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And National Identity726 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica is a curious amalgamation of a country, with a unique national identity that is uniform in its ideals of liberty yet just as diverse as the cultures it represents. This strong sense of national character is the defining attribute that allows America to prosper against all unlikelihoods. Although America occasionally falls victim to internal divisions, the opposing sides still share a common culture, which gives hope for reconciliation and allows the country to succeed in improbable situations

CWU Central Washington University SAT, Acceptance Rate

Beauty of America - 1304 Words

The Beauty of America Do you think there is such thing as real beauty or is it just an idea created by society? We believe that beauty is one way and that if you do not follow or fit the criteria, then you are not beautiful because you don’t meet the standards. Media gives us their view of what beauty is and how to define it. The media influences what beauty is but then the media’s view of beauty is not the only one. What we seem to think beauty is, is something that we want to have or want to be like because we think that is the right beauty, but is it really? The magazine models we see are tall, skinny, and light skinned that is what we are told is beauty because they are able to be on a runway and covers of magazines. The beauty seen in the magazines and on runway may be beauty to some people but for others it’s not beauty because reality is that not how everyone looks like in America. For me trying to look like the models was not something I want to do becaus e I already was skinny but I was not tall or light skin. I more than anything didn’t used to like how I looked before I got to college because I was really skinny and boney. To me that was not beautiful because I felt that I really didn’t have a figure because just about all my sisters have figure and I was the only really skinny one and was called boney. So for me beauty is having curves and being happy with your body not what the media portrays as beauty. The magazine models and runway models are what we are toldShow MoreRelatedThe Beauty Standards Of America1099 Words   |  5 Pages age or race differs from person to person. More specifically, American women share complaints regarding the unrealistic beauty standards that are set by the media and society. Many women complain that it is not fair that they are judged by their outer appearance and are viewed as not beautiful enough, or not normal when they do not conform to the beauty standards of america. For examp le, as a woman alone there are constant pressures to wear your hair a certain way because everyone does it or becauseRead More Female Beauty in America Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesSophistication and Flair: The True Meaning of Beauty Three words come to mind when one sees the epitome of Hollywood’s A-List – sophistication, style, and confidence. Although the media will always pose celebrities as sex symbols, tasteful images have now become a norm for today’s society. A woman’s beauty is now being portrayed in other ways – fully clothed and self-assured. It is evident now even as I look around campus. The girls who are poised and classy do not prance around in bellyRead MoreThe Beauty Of America s Jeopardy1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Beauty of America In Jeopardy Each year wildlife all throughout the world are put at risk through deforestation, littering and malnourishment. America is no different, especially with the new budget for the Trump administration. Ever since Donald Trump has been elected President of The United States of America, everything has changed. The safety from threats outside of America are greater than the threats in everyone’s backyard. Animals are becoming endangered or worse, becoming extinct. PlantRead MoreThe Miss American Pageants Are A Perfect Example Of The American Dream933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Miss America Pageants are a perfect example of the â€Å"American Dream† standard that the beauty industry was trying to promote. â€Å"The history of beauty contests tell us much about American attitudes toward physical appearances and women’s expected roles †¦ legitimiz(ing) the Cinderella mythology for women, to make it seem that beauty is all a woman needs for success†¦ † T he Miss American Pageants were a contest for women to show off their looks and compete against other women to win the â€Å"best toRead MoreFemale Beauty Pageants Essay example1034 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty pageants seem to serve no apparent purpose for societal reasons. They denigrate the image of females as far as gender equality goes. There is many different ranges of beauty pageants all over the world. Females can be as small as 2 months. Many girls dream to become Miss U.S.A or Miss World. It seems to give the idea that you have to be beautiful and be up to the judges expectations of how a beauty queen should act and looks like.   They have a negative effect on the people in today’s societyRead MoreBenefits Of Beauty Contests For Young Women Essay801 Words   |  4 Pages The Benefits of Beauty Contests For Young Women Claudia Traywick Period B 7 March 2016 Traywick 1 The Benefits of Beauty Contests For Young Women Thesis: Beauty contests are not bad for girls because they involve competition, include scholarships for the winners, and form friendships with peers. Introduction Scholarships The competition Pageant Friends Conclusion Traywick 2 Claudia Traywick PeriodRead MoreBeauty Pageants Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesRotosha Word Professor Heather Wyatt English 102 5 October 2017 Little Girls Participating in Beauty Pageants For the sake of young girls, we try to save them from their insecurities, which is fairly significant. I perceive that beauty pageants are vigorous for girls, it assists them to get rid of stage fright, or low self-esteem. As a firm believer, I acknowledge the fact that pageant girls will develop as beautiful, sophisticated women. Different contests allow girls to have discipline andRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison915 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters that gives the interpretation of whiteness as the standard of beauty, which distorts the lives of black characters through messages everywhere that whiteness is superior and equal to cleanliness. The theme of white superiority is portrayed through the lives and stories told by the characters Pecola, Claudia, and Pauline. Through the struggles these characters have endured with the internalized idea of white beauty, Morrison shows how the interactions between whites and blacks affect theRead MoreBeauty Pageants : Beauty Pageant127 9 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty pageants, competitions judged mainly on a contestant’s physical beauty, introduce the question if they adversely affect a child’s development. The first Miss America pageant, held in 1921, started the modern beauty pageant era that exists today. However, current beauty pageants differ greatly from the first ones held 93 years ago. Many of the pageants called â€Å"high-glitz† pageants consist of the competitors wearing a lot makeup, big hair, spray tans, fake teeth called â€Å"flippers†, expensiveRead MoreThe World Of Fashion And Publicity1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe immediate rubric that comes to mind when evaluating the definition of â€Å"beauty† is as follows: tall, slim, captivating, and graceful. The world of fashion and publicity has undeniably been enriched by these seemingly expected traits, but to what avail? Tyra Banks, host and judge of the popular reality TV show Americas Next Top Model, is regarded as one of the most beautiful -and successful- women of all time. Her claim to fame began at the age of 15, as her picturesque disposition spread across

Eli Lilly-Developing Cymbalta free essay sample

New Antidepressant Team (NAT), a cross functional team of Lilly research and development (RD) and marketing was formed by two colleagues at Lily – Mark Demitrack and Brett Schmidli, and later two additional members were asked to joined, Jim Lancaster and John Kaiser. The mission of the team was to find and develop a drug that would later replace Prozac. The core strategy of NAT was to concentrate and devote resources to only 5 Assets: â€Å"R-fluoxetine, OFC (olanzapine-fluoxetine combination), 5HT2 antagonist SSRI, Business Development Opportunities, and Cymbalta (duloxetine)† (Ofek Laufer, p. ). After a series of analysis and testing, Cymbalta was chosen by the team to replace Prozac. This paper will identify the strategic issues and problems that NAT faced in developing the new product. I will then analyze and evaluate the industry and market behavior by using a SWOT analysis. Finally, this paper will offer a set of recommendations based on the surrounding circumsta nces and options available to the Eli Lilly team. We will write a custom essay sample on Eli Lilly-Developing Cymbalta or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Identification of the strategic issues and problems Eli Lilly is faced with the strategic option to develop and launch a new drug that will be more effective than Prozac. There are several issues facing the launch of Cymbalta into the marketplace. â€Å"Cymbalta (duloxetine) appeared to have the three key ingredients of a potential successor to Prozac: 1) efficacy as good as or better than existing antidepressants, 2) no apparent safety or toxicity issues, and 3) the possibility of meeting a previously unmet patient need. † (Laufer Ofek, 2008, p. 2). Although, Cymbalta was considered on the basis of its compounds, several critical issues remained unresolved and needed to be made during the meeting of NAT. NAT was faced with the decision of how to prioritize Cymbalta clinical trials and which clinical objective to approach first. Large-scale clinical trails often range from $25 million to $50 million and could last between 15 to 18 months to design, enroll patients, and to analyze and document findings. Unfortunately, NAT could only afford to purse one objective prior to the submittal of Cymbalta to the FDA for marketing approval. The following are three options available before Eli Lily: Option 1: To invest in a new set of clinical trials to establish efficacy using once-a-day dosage of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Option 2: To invest in clinical trials so that new indications could potentially establish a differentiator between Cymbalta and existing anti-depressants. Option 3: Delay submission of Cymbalta to the FDA for marketing approval so that the objectives mentioned above (options 12) could be established over a period of time by assessing the patients and physicians. Analysis and evaluation Industry-An Overview on Depression â€Å"Depression as an illness is characterized by a sustained emotional disturbance that interferes with daily activities such as the ability to work, study, sleep, or eat, for a period of time as short as two weeks or as long as five years or even longer. † (Laufer Ofek, 2008, p. 3) Studies in scientific publications have estimated that depression affects anywhere from 10% to 25% of the population at some point in their life time, with women twice as likely as men to suffer an episode of depression. Depression is often undiagnosed because of its complicated set of symptoms and there is often a social stigma attached to treatment that prevents some patients from visiting physician or psychiatrist. Scientists have developed four broad and a complex set of symptoms for depression, which are: mood changes, cognitive changes, behavior changes and physical changes. Prior to the late 1800s, depression was not recognized as an illness and often time patients went untreated or committed into a mental asylum. It was not until the latter half of the twentieth century that pharmaceuticals became the primary source of treatment for depression. There have been several studies that directly link cases of pain accompanied by a state of depression. â€Å"Primary Care Physicians (PCPs) estimate that approximately 50% of patients suffering from depression who came to their office also suffered from pain symptoms, most commonly tension headache, neck/shoulder pain, and back pain. † (Laufer Ofek, 2008, p. 3) The NAT team had to decide weather to compare Cymbalta to existing SSRIs and SNRIs in the treatment of pain in order to differentiation themselves for others in the market. Even though there is an untapped market of pain medication in conjunction with the anti-depressant, it would take a lot of effort and resource from Lilly’s marketing team to educate both doctors and consumers on the application and benefit of this new drug. Market/Buyer Behavior To meet the needs of consumers, drug-manufacturing companies consult with both the physicians and patients to understand the needs of the market. The behavior of consumer is not well defined because the ultimate consumers of all the drugs are patients, who themselves are not aware of all the facts surrounding a drug. Pharmaceutical marketing has become increasing popular in the last few years; it is the process of advertising or otherwise promoting the sale of pharmaceuticals or drugs. Physicians are perhaps the most important component in sales. Influencing the physician is the key to pharmaceutical sales because they write the prescriptions that determine which drugs will be used by their patients. Physicians prescribe on the basis of past drugs available and their personal past experiences and opinions may have some influence. The marketing strategies employed in the pharmaceutical industry sharply contrast with those typically adopted in other markets. One of the primary reasons for this difference is that in the prescription medicine market there is a distinct breach in the traditional buying decision process: â€Å"The decision maker is the physician, who chooses among an array of medicine alternatives, but the buyer is the patient who takes the medicine and ends up paying (i. . , either out of pocket, or through health insurance coverage) for the choices made by the physician. † (Karayanni, n. d. ) The importance of brand loyalty has been recognized by buyer behavior theorists for several decades, being described as â€Å"the core asset of any business, as future growth stems from the loyalty customers have in a company’s brands†. (Gralpois, 1998) Buye rs’ behaviors and values can be measured through physician’s prescribing patterns and buyers purchasing patterns. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Successor of highly successful brand of Eli Lily, Prozac was an antidepressant leader in the market. †¢Effectively treats Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Weakness: †¢The uncertainty of a once-a-day dosage of 60 mg for Cymbalta. †¢The lack of proof that Cymbalta will address chronic pain Opportunities: †¢To produce a product that will meet the needs of the patients. †¢To develop a product unlike any other antidepressant on the market by addressing chronic pain as well as depression and that would surpass its predecessor. Cymbalta doesn’t have any side effects, which is known to be one of the main concerns related to Prozac and one of the key findings reported. Threats: †¢Eli Lilly must be constantly on guard for patent violations and seek legal protection in new and growing global markets. †¢The competitors brands like Paxils and Zoloft with same efficacy. †¢The every changing pharmaceutical market and the amount of lag time and cost to develop a new drug.

Euro Disney Case Study

Question: Write about theEuro Disney Case Study. Answer: The theory of cultural dimensions proposed by Geert Hofstede comprises a framework used to understand cross-cultural communication in the organization and the effects of societys culture on their values. The model is essential for managers investing in a different country because considering cultural differences is a significant determinants for the success of the organization. Moreover, executives managing international companies explore various dimensions of culture because there are vital in understanding how to work in different countries and the approach that can be used in respect to cultural values(Hofstede, 2014). Euro Disneyland failed because they did not understand the cultural differences between the U.S. and French societies in the context of doing business. Cultural Differences between the United States and France The report uses Hofstedes four cultural dimensions to explain some of the significant cultural variation between the United States and France in the context of Euro Disneyland operations. The focus includes power difference, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity/Femininity and Long-term Orientation in the two countries. Power Distance According to Hofstedes model, the power distance dimension examines the expectation and agreement by the less powerful in the organization that power is unequally distributed. This dimension focuses on analyzing the feeling of the members of the organization feelings on issues of unequal distribution of power. The lower the scores means that culture accepts and expect that there is a democratic share of authority and all are equals. On the other hand, when the score is very high, it reveals that the less powerful in the society agree to the prevailing conditions and understand the existence of hierarchical position(Hofstede, 2014). When this is applied in the context of France and US comparison, there is a total difference between the two countries. For instance, in France, there is high power distance, and this means there are hierarchical system and centralization of power in organizations. In such a situation, the superior members are inaccessible from lower positions and their authority in the company are obeyed without a question or debate. This means that power is unequally distributed in the French society and so in the organizations. However, in U.S, the approach and views about powers in the society are so much different because there are equal rights and the aspect of the hierarchy is a convention which means that superiors are accessible by everyone and there is a friendly environment created by the organization. Moreover, the center of leadership is not there, and power is distributed equally due to a weak authority distance(Chhokar, et al., 2013). Individualism This dimension makes focuses on the group situations as opposed to a single individual in the organization and society. In the Cultures characterized by individualism, the value and goals are personalized while societies with collectivism have needs and objectives are more valued compared to that of the individual. In the French society, the score is high because autonomy in the work environment is preferred as opposed to teamwork. In the U.S, the scores tend to be greater than that of France due to dominant individualistic culture that emphasizes on the self and close family members first(Hofstede, 2014). However, the U.S. seems to have high geographical mobility due to high preferences for Americans to do business in many countries and understanding the different cultures. Besides, the employees take initiatives and do not rely on management to guide on what to do. In Euro Disney case, there were problem with culture integration because French employees were not satisfied with Amer ican imparting their rules and culture on them. The reason for high level of resistance is due to the difference between American and the French. For example, the dressing code embraced by American is not acceptable in the French societies (Chhokar, et al., 2013; Hofstede, 2014). Masculinity and Femininity This dimension in the model intends to measures the value given to a particular culture. For example, in some cultures, masculinity is associated with assertiveness, ambitions, materialism and power. On the contrary, the feminine is viewed as people who like to emphasize the human relationships. The difference between sexes is considered differently in the organization because masculine tend to be ambitious and competitive as compared to masculinity(Hofstede, 2014). The French Society scores very low in this dimension due to emphasis on femininity and values for the quality of life in the society, competition but success is not that much visible. In the US, the culture is predominantly masculine where competition, achievement, and success are the core motivating elements. In Euro Disney case, the US failed to consider the effect of the dimension in the French culture because the male culture was emphasized and prevail on others which were contrary (Chhokar, et al., 2013; Tung Verbek e, 2010). Uncertainty Avoidance This dimension in the model evaluates the way in which organization deals with unknown situations likely to happen in the future. Example includes unexpected events such as workplace conflict and disruptive technological and organization changes. Cultures that scores very high are considered intolerant to the future events and uses rules and regulation to minimize the possibility the consequences of unknown happening. In contrary, those with low score embrace change when it happens(Tung Verbeke, 2010). Regarding this dimension, France has high scores of uncertainty and therefore the possibility of risks is managed through security and strict rules by the management. The US scores very low in this dimension because the management accepts uncertainty and not afraid of the unknown future. This means that Americans are more courageous to face risks and no complicated rules and laws applied to manage these possible uncertainties. This makes them accept new ideas and always willing to try something innovative without knowing the results(Hofstede, 2014). Long-Term Orientation This is the last dimension and it explores the time horizon in a particular society. Cultures that value short-term orientation are bent to traditional methods and take the time to form relationships. Long-term orientation focuses on the future more than anything. Both are based on attitudes focusing on the results and the reward obtained. France has a very low score in this dimension because the members are focused on short-term goals and obliged to guidelines and norms in the business environment. Similarly, the US has low scores because of short-term focus and expectation of fast results in the environment, committed to traditions of doing things and fulfilling the social obligations (Hofstede, 2014; Chhokar, et al., 2013). Contribution of Trompenaars Research Trompenaars research assists substantially in explaining cultural conflicts among both the USA and France. Trompenaars research can be used to understand the conflicts between France and the USA using the four categorizations. The first includes Universalism versus Particularism and focuses on the essential of rules and relationships. Individualism versus Communitarianism seeks to understand whether we function as individuals or group. Besides, Specific versus Diffuse concentrates on the way human separate the work and private lives and lastly Achievement versus Ascription explore whether members of the organization has to prove themselves to receive recognition (Hofstede, 2014; Tung Verbeke, 2010). Based on Universalism versus Particularism, there is a belief that rules, policies, and regulations are universal and therefore can be used across the globe without the need for modification. In the French society, there is a perception regarding the rules and regulations of the culture which are not similar to others(Tung Verbeke, 2010). The company management was motivated by the necessity of the success of its three theme parks and failed to realize the distinct culture of the French society which required a different approach to that of the U.S(Chhokar, et al., 2013). In regard to Individualism versus Communitarianism, a communitarian society is evident in France and the Americans can be said to be an individualistic society. This is because French work as a team and social relations are mutual which is different in the U.S because of people high-value individualism. Americans rank positions in the organizations and workers while the French society does not do that. In Specific versus Diffuse can be used to understand the difference between the USA and France. In the US, the culture is seen as distinct national cultures where decision arrives from a negotiation while in France the culture is treated as implicit in the national context and decisions and command are based on discussion between involved parties. Lastly, the Achievement versus Ascription can be used to understand two differences between the countries. In the American society, there is a huge focus on performance and division of labor while the French culture stresses on the factors pr esent in their history (Chhokar, et al., 2013; Tung Verbeke, 2010). Mistakes made by Euro Disneyland In the case study, numerous mistakes were made when setting Euro Disney entertainment in Europe and especially in France. The company made a mistake of not understanding the cultural differences between U.S and France. The management imposed the US culture in France without considering the impact likely to be caused. For instance, breakfast was not served at the park, and this is one of the valued traditions in French culture. Besides, no alcoholic beverages were not served in the park, and this was contrary their culture because the peoples in the country values alcohol such as wine when taking the main meals. Others such as the dress code went contrary to those accepted by the French culture in the organizations. The U.S took French entertainment culture for granted and thought it would be similar to theirs. This led to the wrong allocation of staff and resources because the peak days in France was not the same in US Disney Land. As such, there few employees in crowded days and many employees in those days which were not busy and this affected profitability. Besides, there were many car parks which remained empty because people used public means of transport. Recession signs were not heavily considered, and the company set high-profit expectations in the new Euro Disney. In the end, the park failed to realize the expected revenue target due to the small sale of tickets. This was also because the price of the tickets was quite high. The mistake was costly, and the Euro Disney failed to realize expected revenues and instead made losses. Lessons Learned From the Failures From the case study, a number lessons can be extracted. First, when setting a business in another country, culture should be given a thorough consideration and not taken for granted. A project which can realize high success in U.S can record failures in other nations due to sharp cultural differences. Therefore, Cultural factors are central to the success of the business and disregarding others traditions can be destructive to the organization. Besides, the success of a company project is dependent on the unity of the group more specifically the executive and its resolve to deal with emerging workplace issues that create satisfaction among employees. Conclusion In conclusion, for every organization to be successful in a different social setting, the management should have a general understanding of the culture of the environment in which they want to set the operations. This should have been the case for Euro Disney when setting operations in France. The point to understanding the cultural issues is through market research, and cultural assessment understands the local people cultural values such as tradition and customs. The whole cultural clash realized by Euro Disney can be squarely blamed on the effects of cultural conflict of U.S and French societies. Bibliography Chhokar, J., Brodbeck, F. House, R., 2013. Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. New York. NY: Routledge. Hofstede, G., 2014. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions: Understanding Workplace Values Around the World. s.l.:Mind Tools Ltd. Tung, R. Verbeke, A., 2010. 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